--- title: "to_milliseconds" slug: "dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-to-milliseconds" updated: 2026-10-30T18:19:01Z published: 2026-10-30T18:19:01Z canonical: "docs.vastdata.com/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-to-milliseconds" --- > ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.vastdata.com/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # to_milliseconds *Applies to VAST Cluster 5.5.* *[Functions](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-index) › [Date and time functions](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time) › Interval constructors.* Returns an interval of `n` milliseconds, the same as `INTERVAL n MILLISECOND`. Add it to a date or a timestamp, or subtract it, to move by that many milliseconds. ## Syntax ``` to_milliseconds(n) ``` | Argument | Type | Description | | --- | --- | --- | | `n` | `DOUBLE`; also a decimal such as `1.5`, an integer, or a string that holds a number | The number of milliseconds. It can be negative. | **Returns:** `INTERVAL`. **Same as:** `INTERVAL n MILLISECOND` for a constant `n`. ## Set up the examples The examples connect with the ADBC driver, as in [VAST Query Engine (ADBC)](/develop/docs/dev-database-integrations-adbc), and work in a schema called `docs_sql_fn_date_time_to_milliseconds`. Set `QE_ENDPOINT`, `AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID`, `AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY` and `VASTDB_BUCKET` ([SQL reference](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-index#example-connect-and-use-a-transaction)), and run the blocks in order in one Python session. Below each block is the output you should see. This block connects, defines the `run()` and `plan()` helpers, and creates a table of five tasks. Each has a start time (`ts`), a date (`d`), a whole number (`n`, an `INTEGER`) and a number with a fraction (`f`, a `DOUBLE`). Row 4 has no values: ``` import os import re import adbc_driver_manager import adbc_driver_manager.dbapi as dbapi import adbc_driver_vastdb BUCKET = os.environ["VASTDB_BUCKET"] SCHEMA = f'"{BUCKET}/docs_sql_fn_date_time_to_milliseconds"' conn = dbapi.connect( driver=adbc_driver_vastdb.get_driver_path(), db_kwargs={ "vast.db.endpoint": os.environ["QE_ENDPOINT"], "vast.db.access_key": os.environ["AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID"], "vast.db.secret_key": os.environ["AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"], }, autocommit=True, ) def server_message(e): """The server's message in a driver error, without the request ID or the echoed statement.""" text = re.sub(r"\[req=0x[0-9a-f]+\]: ", "", str(e)) found = (re.search(r'message: "(.*?)", request_id', text, re.S) or re.search(r"description: (.*)\)", text, re.S)) message = found.group(1) if found else text.strip().splitlines()[-1] message = re.sub(r"^Plan query: '.*?' failed with: ", "", message, flags=re.S) message = re.split(r"\\n|\n", message)[0].replace('\\"', '"') return message.replace(BUCKET, "") def run(sql): """Run one statement. Print the rows it returns, or the error.""" try: with conn.cursor() as cur: cur.execute(sql) rows = cur.fetchall() if cur.description else [] except (adbc_driver_manager.Error, OSError) as e: print(f"{type(e).__name__}: {server_message(e)}") else: print(rows) def plan(sql): """Print the plan without its ~N Rows lines: the table's row count, which can still be 0 just after an insert.""" with conn.cursor() as cur: cur.execute("EXPLAIN " + sql) steps = cur.fetchall()[0][1] print("\n".join(line for line in steps.splitlines() if "Rows" not in line)) TABLE = f"{SCHEMA}.tasks" run(f"CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS {SCHEMA}") run(f"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {TABLE} (id BIGINT, ts TIMESTAMP, d DATE, n INTEGER, f DOUBLE)") run(f"INSERT INTO {TABLE} VALUES " "(1, TIMESTAMP '2026-02-28 23:15:00', DATE '2026-01-31', 1, 1.5), " "(2, TIMESTAMP '2026-03-01 08:30:45.123456', DATE '2026-03-01', -2, -0.25), " "(3, TIMESTAMP '2024-12-30 12:00:00', DATE '2024-12-30', 0, 0.0), " "(4, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL), " "(5, TIMESTAMP '2024-02-29 00:00:00', DATE '2024-02-29', 12, 0.000001)") ``` ``` [] [] [(5,)] ``` ## What it does An `INTERVAL` has three parts: months, days and a time part. ADBC returns it as an Arrow month-day-nanosecond interval, which Python prints as `MonthDayNano(months=..., days=..., nanoseconds=...)`. The parts are kept apart: they're combined only when the interval is added to a date or a timestamp. `to_milliseconds(n)` puts `n` thousandths of a second in the time part, which Python shows in nanoseconds: `to_milliseconds(2)` is `nanoseconds=2000000`. `TIMESTAMP '2024-02-29 00:00:00' + to_milliseconds(1)` is `2024-02-29 00:00:00.001000`, and `DATE '2026-01-31' + to_milliseconds(1)` is `2026-01-31 00:00:00.001000`, a `TIMESTAMP`. `n` can have a fraction: `to_milliseconds(1.5)` is one and a half milliseconds. The result keeps whole microseconds: `to_milliseconds(0.0000001)` is `0`. The time part isn't turned into days: `normalized_interval(to_milliseconds(100))` is still 100 milliseconds. `epoch(to_milliseconds(1))` is `0.001` seconds. ## NULLs and edge cases | Input | Result | | --- | --- | | `NULL`, or a NULL value (row 4) | `NULL` | | `0` | An empty interval: every part is `0` | | `-1` | A negative interval: one millisecond back | | `'2'` (a string) | The same as `to_milliseconds(2)` | | `CAST(2 AS SMALLINT)` | The same as `to_milliseconds(2)` | | `CAST(2 AS BIGINT)` | The same as `to_milliseconds(2)` | | `1.5`, `-0.5` | One and a half milliseconds; half a millisecond back | | `0.0000001` | `0`: less than a microsecond | | `'NaN'::DOUBLE` | Error: `Interval value nan milliseconds out of range` | | `9223372036854.775` | Accepted, but the result is wrong: a negative interval | | `9223372036855` | No error, but the result is wrong: a negative interval | | A `DATE`, `INTERVAL` or `BOOLEAN` | Error: `No function matches the given name and argument types`, for example `'to_milliseconds(DATE)'` | The same cases, as the cluster returns them. They use the table and helpers from [Set up the examples](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-to-milliseconds#set-up-the-examples): ``` run(f"SELECT id, to_milliseconds(f) FROM {TABLE} WHERE id = 4") run("SELECT to_milliseconds(NULL), to_milliseconds(0), to_milliseconds(-1), to_milliseconds('2'), to_milliseconds(CAST(2 AS SMALLINT)), to_milliseconds(CAST(2 AS BIGINT))") run("SELECT to_milliseconds(1.5), to_milliseconds(-0.5), to_milliseconds(0.0000001)") run("SELECT to_milliseconds('NaN'::DOUBLE)") run("SELECT to_milliseconds(9223372036854.775)") run("SELECT to_milliseconds(9223372036855)") run("SELECT to_milliseconds(DATE '2026-01-01')") ``` ``` [(4, None)] [(None, MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=0), MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=-1000000), MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=2000000), MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=2000000), MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=2000000))] [(MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=1500000), MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=-500000), MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=0))] OSError: Interval value nan milliseconds out of range [(MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=-9223372036854775616),)] [(MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=-9223372036854551616),)] InternalError: Binder Error: No function matches the given name and argument types 'to_milliseconds(DATE)'. You might need to add explicit type casts. ``` ## Examples An interval of `f` milliseconds for each task: ``` run(f"SELECT id, f, to_milliseconds(f) FROM {TABLE} ORDER BY id LIMIT 10") ``` ``` [(1, 1.5, MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=1500000)), (2, -0.25, MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=-250000)), (3, 0.0, MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=0)), (4, None, None), (5, 1e-06, MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=0))] ``` Move each start time by `f` milliseconds, and the last day of January by one millisecond: ``` run(f"SELECT id, ts, ts + to_milliseconds(f) FROM {TABLE} ORDER BY id LIMIT 10") run("SELECT DATE '2026-01-31' + to_milliseconds(1), TIMESTAMP '2024-02-29 00:00:00' + to_milliseconds(1), TIMESTAMP '2024-02-29 00:00:00' - to_milliseconds(1)") ``` ``` [(1, datetime.datetime(2026, 2, 28, 23, 15), datetime.datetime(2026, 2, 28, 23, 15, 0, 1500)), (2, datetime.datetime(2026, 3, 1, 8, 30, 45, 123456), datetime.datetime(2026, 3, 1, 8, 30, 45, 123206)), (3, datetime.datetime(2024, 12, 30, 12, 0), datetime.datetime(2024, 12, 30, 12, 0)), (4, None, None), (5, datetime.datetime(2024, 2, 29, 0, 0), datetime.datetime(2024, 2, 29, 0, 0))] [(datetime.datetime(2026, 1, 31, 0, 0, 0, 1000), datetime.datetime(2024, 2, 29, 0, 0, 0, 1000), datetime.datetime(2024, 2, 28, 23, 59, 59, 999000))] ``` Keep only the tasks that, moved by `f` milliseconds, end after midnight on 1 March 2026: ``` run(f"SELECT id FROM {TABLE} WHERE ts + to_milliseconds(f) > TIMESTAMP '2026-03-01 00:00:00' ORDER BY id LIMIT 10") ``` ``` [(2,)] ``` ## How it runs in VAST The Query Engine runs on the cluster's CNodes, and a query on a table starts with a scan in VAST DataBase (`VAST_SCAN`). VAST DataBase can evaluate a comparison of a column with a constant, but not a function of a column, so an interval built from a column is always computed by the Query Engine: - **In the `SELECT` list,** the scan reads the column and the Query Engine computes `to_milliseconds()` for each row it returns. - **In `WHERE`,** the scan sends the columns for every row, and a `FILTER` step in the Query Engine computes `ts + to_milliseconds(f)` and keeps the rows that match. No rows are skipped in storage. The plan of the `WHERE` example shows the `FILTER` step above the scan: ``` plan(f"SELECT id FROM {TABLE} WHERE ts + to_milliseconds(f) > TIMESTAMP '2026-03-01 00:00:00'") ``` ``` ┌───────────────────────────┐ │ PROJECTION │ │ ──────────────────── │ │ #2 │ │ │ └─────────────┬─────────────┘ ┌─────────────┴─────────────┐ │ FILTER │ │ ──────────────────── │ │ ((ts + to_milliseconds(f))│ │ > '2026-03-01 00:00:00': │ │ :TIMESTAMP) │ │ │ └─────────────┬─────────────┘ ┌─────────────┴─────────────┐ │ VAST_SCAN │ │ ──────────────────── │ │ Function: VAST_SCAN │ │ │ │ Projections: │ │ ts │ │ f │ │ id │ │ │ └───────────────────────────┘ ``` ## Make it faster - **Put the interval on the constant side.** A comparison of the raw column with a constant, such as `ts > TIMESTAMP '2026-01-15 00:00:00' + to_days(30)` or `ts > TIMESTAMP '2026-03-01 00:00:00' - INTERVAL 1 HOUR`, is pushed down to VAST DataBase, so rows that don't match never leave storage. `ts + INTERVAL 1 HOUR > ...` needs the `FILTER` step. The plan of the same shape with `to_milliseconds`: ``` plan(f"SELECT id FROM {TABLE} WHERE ts > TIMESTAMP '2026-03-01 00:00:00' - to_milliseconds(1)") ``` ``` ┌───────────────────────────┐ │ VAST_SCAN │ │ ──────────────────── │ │ Function: VAST_SCAN │ │ Projections: id │ │ │ └───────────────────────────┘ ``` - **Store the result if you filter on it often.** When the number of milliseconds comes from a column, as `f` does here, there's no single constant to compare with. Compute `ts + to_milliseconds(f)` when you write the rows and keep it in its own `TIMESTAMP` column; a comparison of that column with a constant is pushed down. ## Limitations and errors - **`NaN` fails.** `to_milliseconds('NaN'::DOUBLE)` fails with `Interval value nan milliseconds out of range`. Filter such values out first. - **Microseconds at most.** A fraction smaller than a microsecond is dropped: `to_milliseconds(0.0000001)` is `0`. - **Very large values come back wrong.** `to_milliseconds(9223372036855)` doesn't fail: it returns a wrong, negative interval, and so does `to_milliseconds(9223372036854.775)`. Express spans that long in days, months or years. - **No `INTERVAL` columns.** A table can't have an `INTERVAL` column: `CREATE TABLE` fails with `INTERVAL type is not supported in table definitions`. Store the number of milliseconds in a number column and build the interval with `to_milliseconds()` in the query. ``` run(f"CREATE TABLE {SCHEMA}.durations (id BIGINT, v INTERVAL)") ``` ``` InternalError: Binder Error: INTERVAL type is not supported in table definitions. Column "v" has type: INTERVAL ``` ## Similar functions | Function or form | What it builds | Result | | --- | --- | --- | | `INTERVAL 1 MILLISECOND` | The same interval, written as a literal | `to_milliseconds(1) = INTERVAL 1 MILLISECOND` is `true` | | `INTERVAL (n) MILLISECOND` | The same interval; `n` can be a column | | | [to_seconds](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-to-seconds) | Seconds, also from a `DOUBLE` | | | [to_microseconds](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-to-microseconds) | Millionths of a second, from a `BIGINT` | `to_milliseconds(1) = to_microseconds(1000)` is `true` | | [date_add](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-date-add) | Adds an interval to a date or timestamp: `date_add(ts, to_milliseconds(1))` is `ts + to_milliseconds(1)` | | | [normalized_interval](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-normalized-interval) | Rewrites an interval so that 30 days become a month and 24 hours a day | | ``` run("SELECT to_milliseconds(1) = INTERVAL 1 MILLISECOND, to_milliseconds(1) = to_microseconds(1000)") run(f"SELECT id, to_milliseconds(CAST(id AS INTEGER)) = INTERVAL (id) MILLISECOND FROM {TABLE} ORDER BY id LIMIT 10") run("SELECT date_add(TIMESTAMP '2024-02-29 00:00:00', to_milliseconds(1)), normalized_interval(to_milliseconds(100))") ``` ``` [(True, True)] [(1, True), (2, True), (3, True), (4, True), (5, True)] [(datetime.datetime(2024, 2, 29, 0, 0, 0, 1000), MonthDayNano(months=0, days=0, nanoseconds=100000000))] ``` Clean up: ``` run(f"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS {SCHEMA}.durations") run(f"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS {TABLE}") run(f"DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS {SCHEMA}") conn.close() ``` ``` [] [] [] ``` ## See also - The other interval constructors: [to_years](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-to-years), [to_quarters](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-to-quarters), [to_months](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-to-months), [to_weeks](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-to-weeks), [to_days](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-to-days), [to_hours](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-to-hours), [to_minutes](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-to-minutes), [to_seconds](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-to-seconds), [to_microseconds](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time-to-microseconds). - [Date and time functions](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-functions-date-time): all the date and time functions. - [Where filters run](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-select#where-filters-run) and [pushdowns](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-pushdowns). - [EXPLAIN](/develop/docs/dev-database-reference-sql-explain): how to read a plan.